Creatine Resources

Last edited: June 12th 2025

  1. Candow, D.G.; Forbes, S.C.; Kirk, B.; Duque, G. Current Evidence and Possible Future Applications of Creatine Supplementation for Older Adults. Nutrients 2021, 13, 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030745

  2. Forbes, S.C.; Candow, D.G.; Ostojic, S.M.; Roberts, M.D.; Chilibeck, P.D. Meta-Analysis Examining the Importance of Creatine Ingestion Strategies on Lean Tissue Mass and Strength in Older Adults. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061912

  3. Jagim, A.R.; Kerksick, C.M. Creatine Supplementation in Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2021, 13, 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020664

  4. Kious, B.M.; Kondo, D.G.; Renshaw, P.F. Creatine for the Treatment of Depression. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9090406

  5. Ribeiro, F.; Longobardi, I.; Perim, P.; Duarte, B.; Ferreira, P.; Gualano, B.; Roschel, H.; Saunders, B. Timing of Creatine Supplementation around Exercise: A Real Concern? Nutrients 2021, 13, 2844. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082844

  6. Roschel, H.; Gualano, B.; Ostojic, S.M.; Rawson, E.S. Creatine Supplementation and Brain Health. Nutrients 2021, 13, 586. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020586

  7. Solis, M.Y.; Artioli, G.G.; Gualano, B. Potential of Creatine in Glucose Management and Diabetes. Nutrients 2021, 13, 570. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020570

  8. Bredahl, E.C.; Eckerson, J.M.; Tracy, S.M.; McDonald, T.L.; Drescher, K.M. The Role of Creatine in the Development and Activation of Immune Responses. Nutrients 2021, 13, 751. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030751

  9. Tarnopolsky MA, MacLennan DP. Creatine monohydrate supplementation enhances high-intensity exercise performance in males and females. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2000 Dec;10(4):452-63. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.10.4.452. PMID: 11099372. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11099372/

  10. Devries MC, Phillips SM. Creatine supplementation during resistance training in older adults: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2014 Jun;46(6):1194-203. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000220. PMID: 24576864. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24576864/

  11. Gordji-Nejad A, Matusch A, Kleedörfer S, Jayeshkumar Patel H, Drzezga A, Elmenhorst D, Binkofski F, Bauer A. Single dose creatine improves cognitive performance and induces changes in cerebral high-energy phosphates during sleep deprivation. Sci Rep. 2024 Feb 28;14(1):4937. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54249-9. PMID: 38418482; PMCID: PMC10902318. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38418482/

  12. Bonilla, D.A.; Kreider, R.B.; Stout, J.R.; Forero, D.A.; Kerksick, C.M.; Roberts, M.D.; Rawson, E.S. Metabolic Basis of Creatine in Health and Disease: A Bioinformatics-Assisted Review. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041238

  13. Muccini, A.M.; Tran, N.T.; de Guingand, D.L.; Philip, M.; Della Gatta, P.A.; Galinsky, R.; Sherman, L.S.; Kelleher, M.A.; Palmer, K.R.; Berry, M.J.; Walker, D.W.; Snow, R.J.; Ellery, S.J. Creatine Metabolism in Female Reproduction, Pregnancy and Newborn Health. Nutrients 2021, 13, 490. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020490

  14. Xu C, Bi S, Zhang W, Luo L. The effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr. 2024 Jul 12;11:1424972. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1424972. PMID: 39070254; PMCID: PMC11275561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39070254/

  15. Balestrino M. Role of Creatine in the Heart: Health and Disease. Nutrients. 2021 Apr 7;13(4):1215. doi: 10.3390/nu13041215. PMID: 33917009; PMCID: PMC8067763. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33917009/

  16. Harmon, K.K.; Stout, J.R.; Fukuda, D.H.; Pabian, P.S.; Rawson, E.S.; Stock, M.S. The Application of Creatine Supplementation in Medical Rehabilitation. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061825

  17. Wax, B.; Kerksick, C.M.; Jagim, A.R.; Mayo, J.J.; Lyons, B.C.; Kreider, R.B. Creatine for Exercise and Sports Performance, with Recovery Considerations for Healthy Populations. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061915

  18. Smith-Ryan, A.E.; Cabre, H.E.; Eckerson, J.M.; Candow, D.G. Creatine Supplementation in Women’s Health: A Lifespan Perspective. Nutrients 2021, 13, 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030877

  19. Li, B.; Yang, L. Creatine in T Cell Antitumor Immunity and Cancer Immunotherapy. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1633. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051633

  20. Clarke, H.; Hickner, R.C.; Ormsbee, M.J. The Potential Role of Creatine in Vascular Health. Nutrients 2021, 13, 857. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030857

  21. Wallimann, T.; Hall, C.H.T.; Colgan, S.P.; Glover, L.E. Creatine Supplementation for Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Scientific Rationale for a Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2021, 13, 1429. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051429

  22. van der Veen, Y.; Post, A.; Kremer, D.; Koops, C.A.; Marsman, E.; Appeldoorn, T.Y.J.; Touw, D.J.; Westerhuis, R.; Heiner-Fokkema, M.R.; Franssen, C.F.M.; Wallimann, T.; Bakker, S.J.L. Chronic Dialysis Patients Are Depleted of Creatine: Review and Rationale for Intradialytic Creatine Supplementation. Nutrients 2021, 13, 2709. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082709

  23. Ostojic, S.M. Diagnostic and Pharmacological Potency of Creatine in Post-Viral Fatigue Syndrome. Nutrients 2021, 13, 503. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020503

  24. Antonio, J., Candow, D.G., Forbes, S.C. et al. Common questions and misconceptions about creatine supplementation: what does the scientific evidence really show?. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 18, 13 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00412-w

  25. Kreider, R.B.; Jäger, R.; Purpura, M. Bioavailability, Efficacy, Safety, and Regulatory Status of Creatine and Related Compounds: A Critical Review. Nutrients 2022, 14, 1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14051035

  26. Bian Xiling, Zhu Jiemin, Jia Xiaobo, Liang Wenjun, Yu Sihan, Rao Yi (2023) Evidence suggesting creatine as a new central neurotransmitter: presence in synaptic vesicles, release upon stimulation, effects on cortical neurons and uptake into synaptosomes and synaptic vesicles eLife 12:RP89317 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.89317.1

  27. Kreider, R.B.; Stout, J.R. Creatine in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021, 13, 447 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020447

  28. Xiao Y, Luo M, Luo H, Wang J. Creatine for Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jun 17;2014(6):CD009646. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009646.pub2. PMID: 24934384; PMCID: PMC10196714. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24934384/ 

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